jkpoh;f;F vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtdh?
my;yJ
nkshpa kd;dd; mNrhfdh?
njhy;ypaywpQh; eld. fhrpehjd;>
jkpo; ehl;luR njhy;ypay; Jiw Nkdhs; ,af;Feh;
‘vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; MFk;”1 vd;W jk; E}yhd ‘ntw;wpNtw;if”apd; Kjy; mbahf mjptPuuhk ghz;bad; vd;Dk; jkpo;ehl;L kd;dd; rpy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G $wpg;Nghe;jhd;. MdhYk; jw;fhyj;jpa mwpQh;fs; rpyh; jkpoh;f;F ,w;iwf;F 2300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf vOj;jwpT vd;gJ ,k;kpasTk; fpilahJ. tlehl;by; Ml;rp nra;j nkshpa murd; mNrhfd;jhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa vOj;ij cUthf;fpdhd;. mjpypUe;Jjhd; jkpoh;fs; jkpo; vOj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs; vd;Wk;2> NtW rpyh; tlehl;L tzpfh;fs; njhpe;J itj;jpUe;j vOj;jpypUe;Jjhd; jkpo; tzpfh;fs; vOj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;3 vd;Wk; $wptUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; $WtJ rhpahdJjhdh vd;W Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
cyf ehLfs; midj;jpYk; kf;fs; vOj;jwpT ngw;w gpd;dNu ,yf;fpa mwpT ngw;wpUg;gh;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vOj;Jf;fspd; tsh;r;rp cUt vOj;J (Pictograph)> fUj;njOj;J (Ideograph)> xypnaOj;J (Phonograph) kw;Wk; jd;ik vOj;J (Standard Script - epiyahd vOj;J) vd;W Rkhh; 20000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;J gbepiy tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;4.
vOj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,g;gbepiy tsh;r;rp gw;wp ,w;iwf;Fr; Rkhh; 800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;NgNa jkpoh;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdh; vd;gJ jkpo; ,yf;fz ciu E}y;fshYk;> epfz;LfshYk; njhpate;Js;sd5.
‘cUNt> czh;Nt> xypNa> jd;iknad” ,UtifnaOj;Jk;
xt;nthU vOj;Jk; vt;thW mwpaf;$baJ vd;gijAk; kpf tpsf;fkhfg; ghly;fshNyNa Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l E}y;fs; njhptpj;Js;sd. cjhuzkhf cUt vOj;ij>
‘fhzg;gl;l cUtnky;yhk;
khzf;fhl;Lk; tifikehb
tOtpy; Xtpad; iftpidNghy
vOjg;gLtJ cUntOj;jhFk;”
vd;W $WfpwJ.
Mjyhy;> xypnaOj;J Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;jhd; kf;fs; ,yf;fpa mwpT ngw;wpUg;gh;. mjw;Fg;gpd;Gjhd; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs; cUthfpapUf;Fk;.
jkpofj;jpy; vOj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gbepiy tsh;r;rpia ehk; gy ,lq;fspy; fhz KbfpwJ. jpUtz;zhkiy> tpOg;Guk;> fpU\;zfphp> jpz;Lf;fy;> Njdp> ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lq;fspy; kiyfspy; jPl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs;;; vOj;J> gl vOj;jhfTk; (pictograph)> fUj;njOj;jhfTk; (Ideograph) tsh;r;rp ngw;w fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jitfshFk;6.
xypnaOj;J (Phonograph) epiy vOj;Jf;Fr; (Standard Script) rhd;Wfshf kapyhLJiw khtl;lk;> nrk;gpad; fz;bA+hpy; fz;nlLf;fg;ngw;w Gjpa fw;fhyf; fUtp kPJ nghwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;s cUt vOj;Jf;fisAk;7> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> fPo;thiy ,uj;jg; ghiwapy; jPl;lg;ngw;Ws;s Xtpa vOj;Jf;fisAk;8 kw;Wk; Nfhit khtl;lk;> #Y}h; RLkz; jl;by; nghwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;s cUt vOj;Jf;fSk;> ngUq;fw;fhyg; ghid XLfs;kPJ vOjg;ngw;Ws;s cUt vOj;Jf;fisAk;>
,t;nthyp vOj;Jf;fSf;Fr; rw;W Ke;ija fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jjhf `ug;gd; ehfhpf cUt vOj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. Vnddpy;> mit nrhy; - mir (Logo-Syllabi) vOj;Jf;fs; vd;W fUjg;ngWtjhyhFk;15. ,e;j `ug;gd; cUt vOj;Jf;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopfNshL - Fwpg;ghfg; goe;jkpNohL cwTilajhfj; njhpfpwJ vd;W `ug;gd; cUt vOj;J Ma;T mwpQh; gpd;yhe;J ehl;L m];Nfh gh;Nghyh $Wfpwhh;16 vd;why; goe;jkpo; nkhopf;F vOj;J ,Ue;jJ vd;WjhNd nghUs;.
`ug;gd; ehfhpf nrhy; - mir vOj;Jf;fspd; tsh;r;rpiaj;jhd; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Gjpa fw;fhyf;fUtp cUt vOj;Jf;fs;> #Y}h; RLkz; jl;L cUt vOj;Jf;fs;17> ngUq;fw;fhyg; ghidNahl;L cUt vOj;Jfs;> epiy vOj;Jf;fNshL (njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs;) fhzg;ngWk; cUt vOj;Jf;fs; Mfpait Rl;Lfpd;wd.
`ug;gd; ehfhpf cUt vOj;Jf;fisAk;> `ug;gd; ehfhpff; fhyj;njhlh;r;rpahd nrg;Gf;fhy kw;Wk; ngUq;fw;fhyg; ghid XLfspd;kPJ vOjg; ngw;Ws;s cUt vOj;Jf;fisAk; jPtpu Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jpa eLtz; muR njhy;ypay;Jiw Nkdhs; ,af;Feh; Kidth; gp.gp. yhy;> 100-f;F 89 gq;F ngUq;fhyg; ghidNahl;L cUt vOj;Jf;fs; nrg;Gf;fhy> `ug;gd; ehfhpff;fhy cUt vOj;Jf;fNshL xw;WikAilajhfTk;> 100-f;F 85 gq;F `ug;gd; ehfhpf> nrg;Gf; fhy cUt vOj;Jf;fs; ngUq;fw;fhy cUt vOj;Jf;fNshLk; xw;WikAilajhfTk; cs;sd vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;18. Mjyhy;jhd; ,Jehs; tiu ngUq;fw;fhyf; FwpaPLfs; vd;W njhy;ypayhsh;fshy; miof;fg;ngw;W te;jij cUt vOj;Jf;fs; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nsd;.
`ug;gd; ehfhpff; fhy cUt vOj;Jf;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;ij - Fwpg;ghfg; goe;jkpo; nkhopiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdpy;> ngUq;fw;fhy cUt vOj;Jf;fs; (Hitherto called Graffiti) tsh;r;rpaile;j jkpo; nkhopf;F chpa vOj;Jf;fs; vd;gjpy; fUj;J NtWghL ,Uf;f KbahJ.
,tw;wpd; mLj;jf;fl;l tsh;r;rpjhd; epiy vOj;jhd (standard script) njhd;ikj;jkpo; vOj;J. ,e;jj; njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;jpy; fy;ntl;Lfs; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j mstpy; kiyf; FiffspYk;> ghid XLfspYk;> Nkhjpuq;fspYk;> fhRfspYk;> Kj;jpiufspYk; fpilj;Js;sd.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;ngWk; KbAil %Nte;jh;fspd; jiy efuq;fs;> JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fs;> tzpfj;jyq;fs; vd;W kl;Lky;yhJ> rhjhuz Ff;fpuhkq;fspy; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; mq;nfy;yhk;$l njhd;ikj;jkpo; vOj;J vOjg;ngw;w ahidNahLfs; fpilj;J tUfpd;wd. cjhuzj;Jf;F> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;> Mz;bg;gl;b> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> khspifNkL> flY}h; khtl;lk;> kUq;$h;> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;> nghUe;jy;> ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;> NjhpUNtyp> tpUJefh; khtl;lk;> khq;Fsk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; kd;dh;fs; ngah;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ rhjhuzf; Fbkfdpd; ngah;$l njhd;ikj;jkpo; vOj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;ngw;w Nkhjpuq;fSk; f&hpy; fz;nlLf;fg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
,J vtw;iwg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ? rhjhuzf; FbkfDf;Fk; njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;J kpfTk; gof;fkhd xU vOj;jhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gijNa MFk;. rpy mwpQh;fs; $WtJ Nghd;W fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpiaNah my;yJ fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;ijNah mg;ghidNahLfSk;> gpw nghUl;fSk; rhh;e;jitnadpy;> mj;njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;J rhjhuzf; FbkfDf;Fk;$l kpfTk; gof;fkhd vOj;jhf MfptpLtjw;F vt;tsT fhyk; Njitg;gl;bUf;Fk;! Fiwe;jJ xU E}W Mz;LfshfthtJ MfpapUf;Fky;yth! Mjyhy; fp.K.4-Mk; E}w;whz;lstpNyNa njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;J jkpo;ehl;by; toq;fp te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gJjhNd cz;ikapYk; cz;ik. mt;thUf;ifapy; fp.K.3-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; fhy; gFjpapy; Ml;rp Ghpe;j nkshpa kd;dd; mNrhfd; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mtd; ehl;L vOj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;W $WtJ vq;qdk; nghUj;jkhFk;?
`ug;gd; ehfhpff; fhyk; (fp.K.2500 - 1700) kw;Wk; nrg;Gf; fhyk; Kjy; goe;jkpOf;Fhpar; nrhy; - mir vOj;J> gpd;G Gjpa fw;fhyk; kw;Wk; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; xypnaOj;jhf tsh;r;rp ngw;W> ngUq;fw;fhy ,Wjpahd rq;f fhyj;jpy; epiynaOj;jhd njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;jhf tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,t;thW njhlh;r;rpahd xU tsh;r;rpiaj; jkpo; vOj;jpy; fhzKbfpwJ. Mdhy;> ,J Nghd;wnjhU vOj;J tsh;r;rpia mNrhfd; fhyj;J vOj;Jf;Ff; fhl;l KbahJ.
fp.K.300-,y; ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpf;F tUif Ghpe;j fpNuf;f ehl;Lj; J}Jth; nkf];jdp]; ,e;jpahtpy; mg;nghOJ vOj;Nj ,y;iy vd;W vOjpapUf;fpwhh;19. NkYk;> fp.gp.1030-,y; ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpf;F te;j my;ngUdpAk;> ‘jhk; Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W ,e;jpah vOj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. kf;fs; vOj;ij kwe;Jtpl;ldh;. mJ gw;wp ahUk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. Mjyhy; kf;fs; fy;tpawpT mw;wth;fshf Mfptpl;ldh;”20 vd;W vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjp mt;tg;nghOJ vOj;ij ,oe;jpUf;fpwJ.
mg;gbapUf;ifapy; nkshpa kd;dd; mNrhfd; jpBnud fp.K.3-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ed;F tsh;r;rp ngw;w xU vOj;ij vt;thW ngw;wpUg;ghd;? mtd; ,e;jpahtpd; Ntnwe;j gFjpapyhtJ tof;fpypUe;j xU vOj;ijj;jhd; jk; ehl;bYk; gad;gLj;jpapUg;ghd;.
mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; kd;dh;fs; kw;Wk; rhjhuzg; nghJkf;fs; MfpNahUf;F ed;F mwpKfkhfpapUe;j njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;ijj;jhd; mNrhfd; jk; ehl;by; jk; ehl;L nkhopf;F Vw;g rpy khw;wq;fNshL gad;gLj;jpapUg;ghd; vd;W nfhs;tNj epahakhd KbthFk;.
,f;fUj;Jf;F typT Nrh;f;Fk; tifapy; fp.gp.7-Mk; E}w;whz;by; xU epfo;T ele;jpUf;fpwJ. jpNgj;jpa ehl;L murh; ];uhq;-j;nrd; fd;-Ngh jk; ehl;Lf;nfd xU vOj;jpy;yhj epiyapy;> ,e;jpahtpy; toq;fpte;j vOj;ijj; jk; ehl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd rpy khw;wq;fSld; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh; vd;W tuyhW $WfpwJ21. vdNt> nkshpa Nte;jd; mNrhfDk;> gpw;fhyj;jpaj; jpNgj;jpa kd;dh; Nghd;W> ,e;jpahtpy; njd;gFjpahd jkpo;ehl;by; toq;fp te;j njhd;ikj; jkpioj;jhd; gad;gLj;jpapUg;ghd;.
njhd;ikj; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; fp.K.5-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;> Mjpr;rey;Y}h; jhopapd; cs;gf;fj;jpy; vOjg; ngw;Ws;s njhd;ikj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSk;22> kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s khq;Fsk; kiyf;Fiff; fy;ntl;Lk;23 ,tw;Wf;Fr; rhd;WfshFk;.
